![]() Negative disorders of perception are characterized by a lack or a deficit, as exemplified by blindness, hemianopia, deafness, anaesthesia, anosmia, and hypogeusia. The overarching term for these phenomena is ‘misperceptions’ or ‘disorders of perception’, which can be further divided into positive and negative disorders of perception. Given the previously established association between hallucinations and delusions in the general population 22, we also assess the presence of delusions to study this association in more detail. The current study aims to reveal the phenomenology of hallucinations in a large sample from the general population aged 14 years and over. Although the prevalence of hallucinations in the general population has been studied extensively by means of large-scale epidemiological surveys 2, 3, 14, the overall phenomenological characteristics of hallucinations in this domain remain understudied, since they are mostly limited to either subpopulations 15, 16, 17 (e.g., university students, elderly people) or specific hallucination types 18, 19, 20, 21. Studying hallucinations in non-clinical populations increases our understanding of hallucinations and their underlying mechanisms, as it largely bypasses confounding factors that typically occur in clinical populations, such as medication effects and comorbidity.Įxamining the phenomenology of hallucinations can provide important anchor points for finding underlying mechanisms and indications for further assessment and, in more severe cases, treatment 5, 11, 12, 13. Several models of sensory perception in the general population, state that misperceptions, such as hallucinations, illusions, and distortions (Box 1 4, 5,) can be considered a common byproduct of physiological processes that enable rapid sensory perception 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Our results indicate a wide variety of the phenomenology of hallucinations in the general population and support the existence of a phenomenological continuum.Īlthough hallucinations are often studied in the context of neurological, psychiatric, or somatic disorders 1, it is increasingly known as a phenomenon that also occurs in the general population, with prevalence rates of 6–15% 2, 3. Despite a low prevalence of delusions (7.0%), these phenomena were significantly associated with recent hallucinations, observed in up to 13.4% of the participants with hallucinations during the past week ( p < 0.001). Hypnagogia was reported by 9.0–10.6%, and bereavement hallucinations by 2.8%. Decreased insight was found in 10.2–11.4%. Substantial numbers of participants rated their hallucinations as severe, due to negative content (16.0–31.6%), previous bothersome experiences (14.8–20.2%), ensuing distress (10.5–16.8%), and/or ensuing disfunctioning (12.7–17.3%). In the past month, auditory hallucinations were reported most frequently (29.5%), followed by visual (21.5%), tactile (19.9%), and olfactory hallucinations (17.3%) hallucinations in two or more modalities were reported by 47.6%. The phenomenology of hallucinations was assessed if hallucinations reportedly occurred in the past month. To overcome this paucity, this study investigates the phenomenological characteristics of hallucinations in the general population, by using a nationally promoted online survey to assess hallucination phenomenology in four sensory modalities, through a self-report version of the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences (QPE), in 10,448 participants (aged 14–88 years). 2015 12(7-8):12-9.Although epidemiological studies report that hallucinations occur in 6–15% of the general population, little is known about their phenomenology. Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of schizophrenia: A review of the literature to date. FDA approves first drug to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson’s disease.Ĭole JC, Green Bernacki C, Helmer A, Pinninti N, O'reardon JP. ![]() Hallucinations: Common features and causes. ![]() National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Hallucinations in healthy older adults: An overview of the literature and perspectives for future research. Hallucinations.īadcock JC, Dehon H, Larøi F. Hallucinations and delusions as low-quality attributions: Influencing factors and proposal for their analysis. ![]() Rodríguez-Testal JF, Senín-Calderón C, Moreno R. Hallucinations: Clinical aspects and management. ![]()
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